Added last Artificial Intelligence lessons

Artificial Intelligence/history_01.md

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+#History of Artificial Intelligence
+
+### Definition
+
+Artificial Intelligence is a discipline with some goals, such as:
+- solving complex problems
+And these goals are reached by *artificial agents* that *think* as humans
+
+There is a lack of unique and universally accepted definition.
+
+A proposed definition is in the following schema
+
+|Think as humans|Think rationally|
+|---|---|
+|Act as humans|Act rationally|
+
+### History
+
+__General Problem Solver__ (or GPS) is a program developed by A. Newell and H. Simon 
+and it is an attempt of reproducing the human ratinal process. 
+__Alan Turing__ wrote a paper "computing machinery and intelligence" that focused not
+only on intellectual processes but mainly in acting processes.
+Turing Test is based on evaluating a machine only looking at its behaviour and not its internals. 
+__Aristotle__ defined human beings as rational animals.
+
+We as human being are constantly feeling the gap between intentions and actions and is
+related to free will (libero arbitrio)
+
+#### Acting rationally
+
+Is explaines by means of a *rational agent* 
+
+### Artificial Intelligence
+
+Is a young and constantly varying discipline, for example in the 1990's making chess playing programs 
+was at the edge of the discipline while now the actual goals are like making a robot move in an unknown space.
+
+AI is also between __Science__ and __Engineering__ while the second part is prevalent today, the first part 
+is the one that give birth to it.
+
+#### The origin
+
+The origin can be reconducted to the tradition of humans trying to create similar of themselves.
+
+- Heron of Alexandria
+Was the first creator of Semiauthomatic machines called autòmatha (Che destano meraviglia)
+And he was both a matemathician and an engineer
+- Ramon Lull: was a philosopher who wanted to build a machine that is able to reproduce the 
+human process of tought, he called this machine "Ars inveniendi veritatem" and
+with this he tried to prove that there is only one truth and this truth is the cristian one.
+
+The important idea that Lull introduces is the necessity of representing our knowledge in a symbolic way
+and deriving knowledge without altering the initial concepts (like modern first order logic)
+
+Lull built this machine and went to north africa to convert muslims using this machine but he got killed there.
+
+Leibniz also tried to create a formal system to obtain truth with a tool (he would have used is to win discussions agains Newton)
+
+Babbage
+
+Boole is the creator of the agebrization of logic, inventing the propositional logic
+
+Frege invented the first order logic while the notation we use today is from Peano
+
+### The precursors
+
+The precursors comes both from 1940 and are the following:
+- Computer Engineering
+The first computers were built like Z3 or Eniac.
+
+- Cybernetics
+Was a discipline devoted to communication and control of regulatory feedbacks both in living being and machines.
+
+The official birth of Artificial Intelligence was at a workshop in summer 1956 and the object was in ten years
+to build a machine that can simulate human learning or intelligence.
+
+In 1969 the neural networks model was heavily criticized by Minsky and as a result had a stop in research
+
+In 1966 during the cold war the fundings were lessened and there was a crisis of artificial intelligence
+The only funded project by the government was machine translation but lacking notions of linguistics, they build only a semantic translator.
+
+After 1969 *Expert systems* were introduced, and were meant as systems supporting human experts in a particular field.
+During this years Language translators were improves as semantic+syntactic.
+
+From 1980 to today AI vecame an industry and the biggest tech companies became interested.
+
+In 1986 neural networks were rediscovered, in particular back-propagation was reinvented by four different research groups.
+This is a type of sub-symbolic approach
+
+The last step introduces the idea of *intelligent agents* and particularly on groups of agents.
+
+

Artificial Intelligence/history_02.md

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+Physical symbolic system describes intelligence as capacity of manipulating symbols following the laws of phisycs.
+
+Computazionalismo
+
+Naturalismo biologico L'intelligenza è legata al wetware (corpo biologico)
+
+Ultimamente si è passati da intelligenza a razionalità considerando da expert systems, 
+cioè sistemi intelligenti ma specializzati a rational agents, che sono più generali.
+
+Fisica di aristotele e fisica di newton in ottica moderna (chiedere articolo)
+
+Minds,Brains and Programs, Searle's, 1980
+
+CACM M.Vardi editoriale su armi autonome
+
+R.Brooks realizzava robot con architettura leggera e molto apprendimento
+Roth Pfifer: Robot subsimbolici

Artificial Intelligence/lesson_10.md

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 ###### 4 December 2015
 ## First Order Logic
 
-### Inference prodecures for first order logic
+### Inference procedures for first order logic
 
 - __Resolution__
 

Artificial Intelligence/lesson_13.md

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+# AI - lesson 13
+#### Francesco Arrigoni
+###### December 2015
+## Planning pt.2
+
+__Planning:__
+- forward planning
+- backward planning
+
+__Sequence__:
+- initial state
+- ACTIONS(g)={relevant and consistent actions for g}
+- RESULT(g,a)=R[g,a]
+- goal test : $g\subseteq s_0$
+- step cost = 1
+
+### Backward Planning
+
+Backward Planning consists in starting from the goal and applying the idea of regression, we are generating other goals.
+
+- __Forward Planning__ is called planning in the *state space*
+
+- __Backward Planning__ is calles planning in the *goal space*,
+
+- Most planners are moving in the *space of plans*.:
+    In this type of planning you start from an empty plan and then explore the state of plans
+
+### Title
+- reactive
+- modeling