#History of Artificial Intelligence

### Definition

Artificial Intelligence is a discipline with some goals, such as:
- solving complex problems
And these goals are reached by *artificial agents* that *think* as humans

There is a lack of unique and universally accepted definition.

A proposed definition is in the following schema

|Think as humans|Think rationally|
|---|---|
|Act as humans|Act rationally|

### History

__General Problem Solver__ (or GPS) is a program developed by A. Newell and H. Simon 
and it is an attempt of reproducing the human ratinal process. 
__Alan Turing__ wrote a paper "computing machinery and intelligence" that focused not
only on intellectual processes but mainly in acting processes.
Turing Test is based on evaluating a machine only looking at its behaviour and not its internals. 
__Aristotle__ defined human beings as rational animals.

We as human being are constantly feeling the gap between intentions and actions and is
related to free will (libero arbitrio)

#### Acting rationally

Is explaines by means of a *rational agent* 

### Artificial Intelligence

Is a young and constantly varying discipline, for example in the 1990's making chess playing programs 
was at the edge of the discipline while now the actual goals are like making a robot move in an unknown space.

AI is also between __Science__ and __Engineering__ while the second part is prevalent today, the first part 
is the one that give birth to it.

#### The origin

The origin can be reconducted to the tradition of humans trying to create similar of themselves.

- Heron of Alexandria
Was the first creator of Semiauthomatic machines called autòmatha (Che destano meraviglia)
And he was both a matemathician and an engineer
- Ramon Lull: was a philosopher who wanted to build a machine that is able to reproduce the 
human process of tought, he called this machine "Ars inveniendi veritatem" and
with this he tried to prove that there is only one truth and this truth is the cristian one.

The important idea that Lull introduces is the necessity of representing our knowledge in a symbolic way
and deriving knowledge without altering the initial concepts (like modern first order logic)

Lull built this machine and went to north africa to convert muslims using this machine but he got killed there.

Leibniz also tried to create a formal system to obtain truth with a tool (he would have used is to win discussions agains Newton)

Babbage

Boole is the creator of the agebrization of logic, inventing the propositional logic

Frege invented the first order logic while the notation we use today is from Peano

### The precursors

The precursors comes both from 1940 and are the following:
- Computer Engineering
The first computers were built like Z3 or Eniac.

- Cybernetics
Was a discipline devoted to communication and control of regulatory feedbacks both in living being and machines.

The official birth of Artificial Intelligence was at a workshop in summer 1956 and the object was in ten years
to build a machine that can simulate human learning or intelligence.

In 1969 the neural networks model was heavily criticized by Minsky and as a result had a stop in research

In 1966 during the cold war the fundings were lessened and there was a crisis of artificial intelligence
The only funded project by the government was machine translation but lacking notions of linguistics, they build only a semantic translator.

After 1969 *Expert systems* were introduced, and were meant as systems supporting human experts in a particular field.
During this years Language translators were improves as semantic+syntactic.

From 1980 to today AI vecame an industry and the biggest tech companies became interested.

In 1986 neural networks were rediscovered, in particular back-propagation was reinvented by four different research groups.
This is a type of sub-symbolic approach

The last step introduces the idea of *intelligent agents* and particularly on groups of agents.